Epidemics, Slavery, Massacres, and Indigenous Resistance 1492-1599
1599
Acoma Pueblo Massacre
New Mexico governor Juan de Onate is determined to consolidate his rule in New Mexico and subjugate all of the Pueblo. Onate sends Juan de Zaldivar to Acoma, which ends in a siege and a massacre of 800 Acoma Pueblo Indians, including 300 Pueblo elders, women, and children. Two Hopi men have their right hands cut off and are sent to the Hopi mesas as a warning. All Native women between the ages of 12 and 25 became indentured slaves at the Spanish capital of San Juan. All males over the age of 14 are mutilated in the plazas of other pueblos and all males over the age of 12 have one foot chopped off (Nies, 1996). King Philip III of Spain later punishes Onate for his excessively brutal regime (Dunbar-Ortiz, 2014).